8 This method allowed chemists to manufacture the drug using a small amount of pseudoephedrine and synthesize MAMP in 10 min or less. 7 Although this provision decreased the amount of pseudoephedrine available for illicit MAMP production in the US, a new method so-called “shake and bake” or “one-pot” method was developed in recent years. The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 amended the Controlled Substance Abuse act requires retail stores (and their employed pharmacists) to receive training and obtain certification prior to dispensing non-prescription drugs containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. 6 Prior to March 2006, illicit MAMP production involved inexpensive and easy-to-obtain chemicals, including the precursor pseudoephedrine, which was available over-the-counter. Illicit MAMP is typically produced in clandestine laboratories that are often small and poorly-ventilated. ![]() 4 Adverse effects of MAMP intake range from mild to life-threatening symptoms such as agitation, tremor, dyspnea, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, psychosis, hypertension, stroke, and coma. 3 It is 1 of the 5 most commonly abused illicit drugs in North America, Europe and Southeast Asia. 2 MAMP is an addictive substance that produces euphoria and a sense of well-being, suppresses appetite, and increases alertness and energy. Elimination of the AMP requirement would increase detection rates and allow earlier detection.Methamphetamine (MAMP), a sympathomimetic amine, is a powerful central nervous system stimulant with limited medical indications including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Reducing the cutoff to 250/100 micro g/L extended terminal MAMP detection by up to 24 h, increased total detection time by up to 34 h, and increased the total number of positive specimens by 48%.Īt the lower cutoff, initial detection times are earlier, detection windows are longer, and confirmation rates are increased. At a cutoff of 100 micro g/L, AMP was first confirmed in the second to eighth void (4-13 h). ![]() AMP > or = 200 micro g/L was first detected in the 2nd-13th (7-20 h) post-administration voids. Lowering the MAMP cutoff to 250 micro g/L changed the initial detection time little. MAMP > or = 500 micro g/L was first detected in the first or second void (1-11 h) at 524-1871 micro g/L. Peak MAMP concentrations (1871-6004 micro g/L) after single doses occurred within 1.5-60 h. ![]() MAMP and AMP were generally detected in the first or second void (0.7-11.3 h) collected after drug administration, with concentrations of 82-1827 and 12-180 micro g/L, respectively. After solid-phase extraction, MAMP and AMP were measured by gas chromatography-positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry with dual silyl derivatization. After ingestion, the volunteers collected all urine specimens for 2 weeks. HCl daily over 7 days, and five of them ingested four 20-mg doses 4 weeks later. Volunteers (n = 8) ingested four 10-mg doses of MAMP. We determined the urinary excretion of MAMP after oral ingestion and examined the effect of using lower cutoffs on detection of exposure. Confirmation of a workplace drug test requires urinary methamphetamine (MAMP) and amphetamine (AMP) concentrations > or = 500 and 200 micro g/L, respectively, but cutoffs at half those values (250/100 micro g/L) have been proposed.
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